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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Microarchitectural Data Sampling</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Transient_execution_CPU_vulnerability" title="Transient execution CPU vulnerability">Transient execution CPU vulnerability</a></div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Microarchitectural Data Sampling</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Logo designed for the vulnerabilities, featuring a wounded hand holding a broken microprocessor</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE identifier(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12126">2018-12126</a> (Fallout),<br>CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12127">2018-12127</a> (RIDL),<br>CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11091">2019-11091</a> (RIDL, ZombieLoad),<br>CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12130">2018-12130</a> (RIDL, ZombieLoad),<br>CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11135">2019-11135</a> (ZombieLoad v2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">2018<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date patched</th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discoverer</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Australia" title="Australia"></a></span></span> <a href="University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a></span></span> <a href="Graz_University_of_Technology" title="Graz University of Technology">Graz University of Technology</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a></span></span> <a href="KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">Catholic University of Leuven</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="Qihoo_360" title="Qihoo 360">Qihoo 360</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a></span></span> Cyberus Technology<br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a></span></span> <a href="Saarland_University" title="Saarland University">Saarland University</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a></span></span> <a href="Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Romania" title="Romania"></a></span></span> <a href="Bitdefender" title="Bitdefender">Bitdefender</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Worcester Polytechnic Institute">Worcester Polytechnic Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affected hardware</th><td class="infobox-data">Pre-April 2019 <a href="Intel_x86" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel x86">Intel x86</a> <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdsattacks.com">mdsattacks.com</a></span> <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zombieloadattack.com">ZombieLoadAttack.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Microarchitectural Data Sampling</b> (<b>MDS</b>) <a href="Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a> are a set of weaknesses in <a href="Intel_CPUs" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel CPUs">Intel x86 microprocessors</a> that use <a href="Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">hyper-threading</a>, and leak data across protection boundaries that are architecturally supposed to be secure. The attacks exploiting the vulnerabilities have been labeled <b>Fallout</b>, <b>RIDL</b> (<i>Rogue In-Flight Data Load</i>), <b>ZombieLoad</b>.,<sup id="cite_ref-new_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>ZombieLoad 2</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>The vulnerabilities are in the implementation of <a href="Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">speculative execution</a>, which is where the processor tries to guess what instructions may be needed next. They exploit the possibility of reading <a href="Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">data buffers</a> found between different parts of the processor.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-new_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zombieloadattack.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zombieloadattack.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sa-00233_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-00233-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>Microarchitectural Store Buffer Data Sampling (MSBDS), <a href="CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12126">2018-12126</a></li>

<li>Microarchitectural Load Port Data Sampling (MLPDS), CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12127">2018-12127</a></li>

<li>Microarchitectural Fill Buffer Data Sampling (MFBDS), CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12130">2018-12130</a></li>

<li>Microarchitectural Data Sampling Uncacheable Memory (MDSUM), CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11091">2019-11091</a></li>

<li>Transactional Asynchronous Abort (TAA), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-11135">CVE-2019-11135</a></li></ul>

<p>Not all processors are affected by all variants of MDS.<sup id="cite_ref-linux-mds_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-mds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>According to Intel in a May 2019 interview with <a href="Wired.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired.com">Wired</a>, Intel's researchers discovered the vulnerabilities in 2018 before anyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers had agreed to keep the exploit confidential as well since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-mdsattacks.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdsattacks.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 14 May 2019, various groups of security researchers, amongst others from Austria's <a href="Graz_University_of_Technology" title="Graz University of Technology">Graz University of Technology</a>, Belgium's <a href="KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">Catholic University of Leuven</a>, and Netherlands' <a href="Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a>, in a <a href="Responsible_disclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsible disclosure">disclosure coordinated</a> with Intel, published the discovery of the MDS vulnerabilities in Intel microprocessors, which they named Fallout, RIDL and ZombieLoad.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zombieloadattack.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zombieloadattack.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the TU Graz researchers were from the group who had discovered <a href="Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)" title="Meltdown (security vulnerability)">Meltdown</a> and <a href="Spectre_(security_vulnerability)" title="Spectre (security vulnerability)">Spectre</a> the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 12 November 2019, a new variant of the ZombieLoad attack, called Transactional Asynchronous Abort, was disclosed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>

<p>According to varying reports, Intel processors dating back to 2011<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 2008<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are affected, and the fixes may be associated with a <a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a> drop.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20190515_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20190515-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PH-20190524_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PH-20190524-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intel reported that processors manufactured in the month before the disclosure have mitigations against the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Intel characterized the vulnerabilities as "low-to-medium" impact, disagreeing with the security researchers who characterized them as major, and disagreeing with their recommendation that operating system software manufacturers should completely disable <a href="Hyperthreading" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperthreading">hyperthreading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCW-20190515_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCW-20190515-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the ZombieLoad vulnerability can be used by hackers exploiting the vulnerability to steal information recently accessed by the affected microprocessor.<sup id="cite_ref-steal_data_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steal_data-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h2></div>

<p>Fixes to <a href="Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a>, <a href="Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a> mechanisms, <a href="Web_browsers" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browsers">web browsers</a> and <a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> are necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

As of 14 May 2019, applying available updates on an affected PC system was the most that could be done to mitigate the issues.<sup id="cite_ref-GZM-20190514_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZM-20190514-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>Intel incorporated fixes in its processors starting shortly before the public announcement of the vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>On 14 May 2019, a mitigation was released for the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, and <a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> released emergency patches for their products to mitigate ZombieLoad.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>On 14 May 2019, <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> published a security advisory on its website detailing its plans to mitigate ZombieLoad.<sup id="cite_ref-sa-00233_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-00233-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Transient_execution_CPU_vulnerabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities">Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security_bug" title="Hardware security bug">Hardware security bug</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</li>

<li id="cite_note-new-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-new_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIlascu2019" class="citation web cs1">Ilascu, Ionut (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-ridl-and-fallout-attacks-impact-all-modern-intel-cpus/">"New RIDL and Fallout Attacks Impact All Modern Intel CPUs"</a>. Bleeping Computer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/security/meldung/Spectre-NG-Luecken-OpenBSD-schaltet-Hyper-Threading-ab-4087035.html">Spectre-NG-Lücken: OpenBSD schaltet Hyper-Threading ab</a>, heise.de, 2018-06, accessed 2019-09-29</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDrRvrh16ws&t=75">Let's Talk To Linux Kernel Developer Greg Kroah-Hartman | Open Source Summit, 2019</a>, TFIR, 2019-09-03</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWinder2019" class="citation web cs1">Winder, Davey (2019-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/daveywinder/2019/11/13/zombie-inside-intel-confirms-zombieload-2-security-threat/">"Intel Confirms 'ZombieLoad 2' Security Threat"</a>. <i><a href="Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200114182955/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/01/14/new-citrix-security-alert-us-government-issues-test-tool-for-serious-flaw/%2352628b892865">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-zombieloadattack.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zombieloadattack.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zombieloadattack.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zombieloadattack.com/">"ZombieLoad Attack"</a>. <i>zombieloadattack.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-sa-00233-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sa-00233_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa-00233_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00233.html">"INTEL-SA-00233"</a>. <i>Intel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-linux-mds-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linux-mds_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/mds.html">"Microarchitectural Data Sampling"</a>. <i>The Linux kernel user's and administrator's guide</i>. 2019-05-14.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-mdsattacks.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mdsattacks.com_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdsattacks.com">"MDS attacks"</a>. <i>mdsattacks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2019" class="citation web cs1">Nichols, Shaun (2019-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/11/12/zombieload_cpu_attack/">"True to its name, Intel CPU flaw ZombieLoad comes shuffling back with new variant"</a>. <i>www.theregister.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCimpanu" class="citation web cs1">Cimpanu, Catalin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/intels-cascade-lake-cpus-impacted-by-new-zombieload-v2-attack/">"Intel's Cascade Lake CPUs impacted by new Zombieload v2 attack"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker2019" class="citation news cs1">Whittaker, Zach (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/14/zombieload-flaw-intel-processors/">"New secret-spilling flaw affects almost every Intel chip since 2011"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-BBC-20190515-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-20190515_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48278400">"Intel Zombieload bug fix to slow data centre computers"</a>. <i><a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-PH-20190524-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PH-20190524_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel2019" class="citation news cs1">Larabel, Michael (2019-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=sandy-fx-zombieload&num=1">"Benchmarking AMD FX vs. Intel Sandy/Ivy Bridge CPUs Following Spectre, Meltdown, L1TF, Zombieload"</a>. <i><a href="Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-PCW-20190515-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCW-20190515_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMah_Ung2019" class="citation news cs1">Mah Ung, Gordan (2019-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/3395439/intel-hyper-threading-zombieload-cpu-exploit.html">"Intel: You don't need to disable Hyper-Threading to protect against the ZombieLoad CPU exploit - "ZombieLoad" exploit seems to put Intel's Hyper-Threading at risk of being put down"</a>. <i><a href="PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-steal_data-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steal_data_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKastrenakes2019" class="citation web cs1">Kastrenakes, Jacob (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/14/18623708/zombieload-attack-intel-processors-speculative-execution">"ZombieLoad attack lets hackers steal data from Intel chips"</a>. <i><a href="The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-GZM-20190514-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GZM-20190514_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2019" class="citation news cs1">O'Neill, Patrick Howell (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/what-to-do-about-the-new-intel-chip-flaw-1834759126">"What To Do About the Nasty New Intel Chip Flaw"</a>. <i><a href="Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/ChangeLog-5.1.2">"ChangeLog-5.1.2"</a>. <i>The Linux Kernel Archives</i>. 2019-05-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515071751/https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/ChangeLog-5.1.2">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker" class="citation news cs1">Whittaker, Zach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/14/intel-chip-flaws-patches-released/">"Apple, Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Mozilla release patches for ZombieLoad chip flaws"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_papers_by_the_researchers">Original papers by the researchers</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzLippMoghimiVan_Bulck2019" class="citation web cs1">Schwarz, Michael; Lipp, Moritz; Moghimi, Daniel; Van Bulck, Jo; Stecklina, Julian; Prescher, Thomas; Gruss, Daniel (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zombieloadattack.com/zombieload.pdf">"ZombieLoad: Cross-Privilege-Boundary Data Sampling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFvan_SchaikMilburnÖsterlundFrigo2019" class="citation web cs1">van Schaik, Stephan; Milburn, Alyssa; Österlund, Sebastian; Frigo, Pietro; Maisuradze, Giorgi; Razavi, Kaveh; Bos, Herbert; Giuffrida, Cristiano (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdsattacks.com/files/ridl.pdf">"RIDL: Rogue In-Flight Data Load"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMinkinMoghimiLippSchwarz2019" class="citation web cs1">Minkin, Marina; Moghimi, Daniel; Lipp, Moritz; Schwarz, Michael; Van Bulck, Jo; Genkin, Daniel; Gruss, Daniel; Piessens, Frank; Sunar, Berk; Yarom, Yuval (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdsattacks.com/files/fallout.pdf">"Fallout: Reading Kernel Writes From User Space"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGalowiczPrescherStecklina2019" class="citation web cs1">Galowicz, Jacek; Prescher, Thomas; Stecklina, Julian (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cyberus-technology.de/posts/2019-05-14-zombieload.html">"ZombieLoad: Cross Privilege-Boundary Data Leakage"</a>. Cyberus Technology GmbH.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpu.fail/">"cpu.fail"</a>. <a href="Graz_University_of_Technology" title="Graz University of Technology">Graz University of Technology</a>. 2019-05-14.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_from_processor_manufacturers">Information from processor manufacturers</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/mds.html">"Side Channel Vulnerability Microarchitectural Data Sampling"</a>. Intel. 2019-05-14.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/insights/deep-dive-intel-analysis-microarchitectural-data-sampling">"Deep Dive: Intel Analysis of Microarchitectural Data Sampling"</a>. Intel. 2019-05-14.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zombieloadattack.com/">Official disclosure website of ZombieLoad</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdsattacks.com/">RIDL and Fallout: MDS attacks</a> <i><a href="Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a></i></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Speculative_execution_security_vulnerabilities102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative execution</a> <a href="Vulnerability_(computer_security)" title="Vulnerability (computer security)">security vulnerabilities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bounds_Check_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounds Check Bypass">Bounds Check Bypass (Spectre, Variant 1)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bounds_Check_Bypass_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounds Check Bypass Store">Bounds Check Bypass Store (Spectre-NG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Branch_Target_Injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch Target Injection">Branch Target Injection (Spectre, Variant 2)</a></li>

<li><a href="Downfall_(security_vulnerability)" title="Downfall (security vulnerability)">Downfall</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreshadow" title="Foreshadow">Foreshadow</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazy_FP_state_restore" title="Lazy FP state restore">Lazy FP state restore (Spectre-NG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_value_injection" title="Load value injection">Load value injection</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacman_(security_vulnerability)" title="Pacman (security vulnerability)">Pacman</a></li>

<li><a href="Retbleed" title="Retbleed">Retbleed</a></li>

<li><a href="Rogue_Data_Cache_Load" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue Data Cache Load">Rogue Data Cache Load (Meltdown, Variant 3)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rogue_System_Register_Read" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue System Register Read">Rogue System Register Read (Spectre-NG, Variant 3a)</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_Store_Bypass" title="Speculative Store Bypass">Speculative Store Bypass (Spectre-NG, Variant 4)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoiler_(security_vulnerability)" title="Spoiler (security vulnerability)">Spoiler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_side-channel_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache side-channel attack">Cache side-channel attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security_bug" title="Hardware security bug">Hardware security bug</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative execution</a></li>

<li><a href="Transient_execution_CPU_vulnerability" title="Transient execution CPU vulnerability">Transient execution CPU vulnerability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hacking_in_the_2010s730" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hacking_in_the_2010s730" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hacking in the 2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr>

<td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="Timeline_of_computer_security_hacker_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of computer security hacker history">Timeline</a></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Aurora" title="Operation Aurora">Operation Aurora</a> (publication of 2009 events)</li>

<li><a href="February_2010_Australian_cyberattacks" title="February 2010 Australian cyberattacks">Australian cyberattacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Olympic_Games" title="Operation Olympic Games">Operation Olympic Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Network" title="Shadow Network">Operation ShadowNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Payback" title="Operation Payback">Operation Payback</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2011_Canadian_government_hackings" title="2011 Canadian government hackings">Canadian government</a></li>

<li><a href="DigiNotar" title="DigiNotar">DigiNotar</a></li>

<li><a href="DNSChanger" title="DNSChanger">DNSChanger</a></li>

<li><a href="HBGary" title="HBGary">HBGary Federal</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_AntiSec" title="Operation AntiSec">Operation AntiSec</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_PlayStation_Network_outage" title="2011 PlayStation Network outage">PlayStation network outage</a></li>

<li><a href="RSA_SecurID#March_2011_system_compromise" title="RSA SecurID">RSA SecurID compromise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2012_LinkedIn_hack" title="2012 LinkedIn hack">LinkedIn hack</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratfor_email_leak" title="Stratfor email leak">Stratfor email leak</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_High_Roller" title="Operation High Roller">Operation High Roller</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2013_South_Korea_cyberattack" title="2013 South Korea cyberattack">South Korea cyberattack</a></li>

<li><a href="Snapchat#December_2013_hack" title="Snapchat">Snapchat hack</a></li>

<li><a href="June_25_cyber_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="June 25 cyber terror">Cyberterrorism attack of June 25</a></li>

<li><a href="Yahoo_data_breaches#August_2013:_breach" title="Yahoo data breaches">2013 Yahoo! data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_Singapore_cyberattacks" title="2013 Singapore cyberattacks">Singapore cyberattacks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anthem_medical_data_breach" title="Anthem medical data breach">Anthem medical data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tovar" title="Operation Tovar">Operation Tovar</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_celebrity_nude_photo_leak" title="2014 celebrity nude photo leak">2014 celebrity nude photo leak</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_JPMorgan_Chase_data_breach" title="2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach">2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Sony_Pictures_hack" title="2014 Sony Pictures hack">2014 Sony Pictures hack</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Russian_hacker_password_theft" title="2014 Russian hacker password theft">Russian hacker password theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Yahoo_data_breaches#Late_2014:_breach" title="Yahoo data breaches">2014 Yahoo! data breach</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Personnel_Management_data_breach" title="Office of Personnel Management data breach">Office of Personnel Management data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="HackingTeam#2015_data_breach" title="HackingTeam">HackingTeam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashley_Madison_data_breach" title="Ashley Madison data breach">Ashley Madison data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="VTech#2015_data_breach" title="VTech">VTech data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Ukraine_power_grid_hack" title="2015 Ukraine power grid hack">Ukrainian Power Grid Cyberattack</a></li>

<li><a href="2015%E2%80%932016_SWIFT_banking_hack" title="2015–2016 SWIFT banking hack">SWIFT banking hack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bangladesh_Bank_robbery" title="Bangladesh Bank robbery">Bangladesh Bank robbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollywood_Presbyterian_Medical_Center#Ransomware" title="Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center">Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center ransomware incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Commission_on_Elections_data_breach" title="Commission on Elections data breach">Commission on Elections data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_National_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic National Committee cyber attacks">Democratic National Committee cyber attacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_airports_hackings" title="Vietnamese airports hackings">Vietnam Airport Hacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee cyber attacks">DCCC cyber attacks</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Indian_bank_data_breach" title="2016 Indian bank data breach">Indian Bank data breaches</a></li>

<li><a href="Surkov_leaks" title="Surkov leaks">Surkov leaks</a></li>

<li><a href="DDoS_attacks_on_Dyn" title="DDoS attacks on Dyn">Dyn cyberattack</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Bitfinex_hack" title="2016 Bitfinex hack">2016 Bitfinex hack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SHA-1#SHAttered_–_first_public_collision" title="SHA-1">SHAttered</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">2017 Macron e-mail leaks</a></li>

<li><a href="WannaCry_ransomware_attack" title="WannaCry ransomware attack">WannaCry ransomware attack</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Westminster_data_breach" title="2017 Westminster data breach">Westminster data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="Petya_(malware_family)" title="Petya (malware family)">Petya and NotPetya</a>

<ul><li><a href="2017_Ukraine_ransomware_attacks" title="2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks">2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2017_Equifax_data_breach" title="2017 Equifax data breach">Equifax data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="Deloitte#E-mail_hack" title="Deloitte">Deloitte breach</a></li>

<li><a href="Disqus#October_2017_security_breach" title="Disqus">Disqus breach</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trustico#DigiCert_and_Trustico_spat,_2018" title="Trustico">Trustico</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlanta_government_ransomware_attack" title="Atlanta government ransomware attack">Atlanta cyberattack</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_SingHealth_data_breach" title="2018 SingHealth data breach">SingHealth data breach</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2019_cyberattacks_on_Sri_Lanka" title="2019 cyberattacks on Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka cyberattack</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Baltimore_ransomware_attack" title="2019 Baltimore ransomware attack">Baltimore ransomware attack</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Bulgarian_Revenue_Agency_hack" title="2019 Bulgarian Revenue Agency hack">Bulgarian revenue agency hack</a></li>

<li><a href="WhatsApp_snooping_scandal" title="WhatsApp snooping scandal">WhatsApp snooping scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident" title="Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident">Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anonymous_(hacker_group)" title="Anonymous (hacker group)">Anonymous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_events_associated_with_Anonymous" title="Timeline of events associated with Anonymous">associated events</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CyberBerkut" title="CyberBerkut">CyberBerkut</a></li>

<li><a href="Goatse_Security" title="Goatse Security">Goatse Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Lizard_Squad" title="Lizard Squad">Lizard Squad</a></li>

<li><a href="LulzRaft" title="LulzRaft">LulzRaft</a></li>

<li><a href="LulzSec" title="LulzSec">LulzSec</a></li>

<li><a href="DDoS_attacks_on_Dyn#Perpetrators" title="DDoS attacks on Dyn">New World Hackers</a></li>

<li><a href="NullCrew" title="NullCrew">NullCrew</a></li>

<li><a href="OurMine" title="OurMine">OurMine</a></li>

<li><a href="PayPal_14" title="PayPal 14">PayPal 14</a></li>

<li><a href="RedHack" title="RedHack">RedHack</a></li>

<li><a href="Teamp0ison" title="Teamp0ison">Teamp0ison</a></li>

<li><a href="UGNazi" title="UGNazi">UGNazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Cyber_Alliance" title="Ukrainian Cyber Alliance">Ukrainian Cyber Alliance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appin_(company)" title="Appin (company)">Appin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangladesh_Black_Hat_Hackers" title="Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers">Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureau_121" title="Bureau 121">Bureau 121</a></li>

<li><a href="Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_Basin" title="Dark Basin">Dark Basin</a></li>

<li><a href="DarkMatter_Group" title="DarkMatter Group">DarkMatter</a></li>

<li><a href="Elfin_Team" title="Elfin Team">Elfin Team</a></li>

<li><a href="Equation_Group" title="Equation Group">Equation Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuxnet#History" title="Stuxnet">GOSSIPGIRL</a> (confederation)</li>

<li><a href="Guccifer_2.0" title="Guccifer 2.0">Guccifer 2.0</a></li>

<li><a href="HackingTeam" title="HackingTeam">Hacking Team</a></li>

<li><a href="Helix_Kitten" title="Helix Kitten">Helix Kitten</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Cyber_Army" title="Iranian Cyber Army">Iranian Cyber Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_State_Hacking_Division" title="Islamic State Hacking Division">Islamic State Hacking Division</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazarus_Group" title="Lazarus Group">Lazarus Group</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lazarus_Group#BlueNorOff" title="Lazarus Group">BlueNorOff</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazarus_Group#AndAriel" title="Lazarus Group">AndAriel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lords_of_Dharmaraja" title="Lords of Dharmaraja">Lords of Dharmaraja</a></li>

<li><a href="NSO_Group" title="NSO Group">NSO Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Numbered_Panda" title="Numbered Panda">Numbered Panda</a></li>

<li><a href="PLATINUM_(cybercrime_group)" title="PLATINUM (cybercrime group)">PLATINUM</a></li>

<li><a href="Pranknet" title="Pranknet">Pranknet</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Apollo" title="Red Apollo">Red Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket_Kitten" title="Rocket Kitten">Rocket Kitten</a></li>

<li><a href="Stealth_Falcon" title="Stealth Falcon">Stealth Falcon</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Electronic_Army" title="Syrian Electronic Army">Syrian Electronic Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Tailored_Access_Operations" title="Tailored Access Operations">Tailored Access Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Shadow_Brokers" title="The Shadow Brokers">The Shadow Brokers</a></li>

<li><a href="XDedic" title="XDedic">xDedic</a></li>

<li><a href="Yemen_Cyber_Army" title="Yemen Cyber Army">Yemen Cyber Army</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hacker" title="Hacker">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ryan_Ackroyd" title="Ryan Ackroyd">Ryan Ackroyd</a></li>

<li><a href="Mustafa_Al-Bassam" title="Mustafa Al-Bassam">Mustafa Al-Bassam</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Hotz" title="George Hotz">George Hotz</a></li>

<li><a href="Guccifer" title="Guccifer">Guccifer</a></li>

<li><a href="Elliott_Gunton" title="Elliott Gunton">Elliott Gunton</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Hammond" title="Jeremy Hammond">Jeremy Hammond</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Hocevar" title="Sam Hocevar">Sam Hocevar</a></li>

<li><a href="Junaid_Hussain" title="Junaid Hussain">Junaid Hussain</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Seleznev" title="Roman Seleznev">Track2</a></li>

<li><a href="Topiary_(hacktivist)" title="Topiary (hacktivist)">Topiary</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Jester_(hacktivist)" title="The Jester (hacktivist)">The Jester</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="Vulnerability_(computer_security)" title="Vulnerability (computer security)">vulnerabilities</a><br>publicly <a href="Full_disclosure_(computer_security)" title="Full disclosure (computer security)">disclosed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evercookie" title="Evercookie">Evercookie</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="ISeeYou" title="ISeeYou">iSeeYou</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Heartbleed" title="Heartbleed"> Heartbleed</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Shellshock_(software_bug)" title="Shellshock (software bug)">Shellshock</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="POODLE" title="POODLE">POODLE</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Rootpipe" title="Rootpipe">Rootpipe</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Row_hammer" title="Row hammer">Row hammer</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Signalling_System_No._7#Protocol_security_vulnerabilities" title="Signalling System No. 7">SS7 vulnerabilities</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="WinShock" title="WinShock">WinShock</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="JASBUG" title="JASBUG">JASBUG</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Stagefright_(bug)" title="Stagefright (bug)">Stagefright</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="DROWN_attack" title="DROWN attack">DROWN</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Badlock" title="Badlock">Badlock</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Dirty_COW" title="Dirty COW">Dirty COW</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Cloudbleed" title="Cloudbleed">Cloudbleed</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Broadcom_Corporation#soc-wifi-vulns" title="Broadcom Corporation">Broadcom Wi-Fi</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="EternalBlue" title="EternalBlue">EternalBlue</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="DoublePulsar" title="DoublePulsar">DoublePulsar</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Intel_Active_Management_Technology#Silent_Bob_is_Silent" title="Intel Active Management Technology">Silent Bob is Silent</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="KRACK" title="KRACK">KRACK</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="ROCA_vulnerability" title="ROCA vulnerability">ROCA vulnerability</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="BlueBorne_(security_vulnerability)" title="BlueBorne (security vulnerability)">BlueBorne</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)" title="Meltdown (security vulnerability)">Meltdown</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Spectre_(security_vulnerability)" title="Spectre (security vulnerability)">Spectre</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="EFAIL" title="EFAIL">EFAIL</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Exactis" title="Exactis">Exactis</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Speculative_Store_Bypass" title="Speculative Store Bypass">Speculative Store Bypass</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Lazy_FP_state_restore" title="Lazy FP state restore">Lazy FP state restore</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="TLBleed" title="TLBleed">TLBleed</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="SigSpoof" title="SigSpoof">SigSpoof</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Foreshadow" title="Foreshadow">Foreshadow</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Wi-Fi_Protected_Access#Dragonblood_attack" title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">Dragonblood</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="BlueKeep" title="BlueKeep">BlueKeep</a> (2019)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ransomware#Bad_Rabbit" title="Ransomware">Bad Rabbit</a></li>

<li><a href="BlackEnergy#BlackEnergy_2_(BE2)" title="BlackEnergy"> Black Energy 2</a></li>

<li><a href="SpyEye" title="SpyEye">SpyEye</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Coreflood" title="Coreflood">Coreflood</a></li>

<li><a href="Alureon" title="Alureon">Alureon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelihos_botnet" title="Kelihos botnet">Kelihos</a></li>

<li><a href="Metulji_botnet" title="Metulji botnet">Metulji botnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Stars_virus" title="Stars virus">Stars</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Carna_botnet" title="Carna botnet">Carna</a></li>

<li><a href="Dexter_(malware)" title="Dexter (malware)">Dexter</a></li>

<li><a href="Flame_(malware)" title="Flame (malware)">Flame</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahdi_(malware)" title="Mahdi (malware)">Mahdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_October_(malware)" title="Red October (malware)">Red October</a></li>

<li><a href="Shamoon" title="Shamoon">Shamoon</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="CryptoLocker" title="CryptoLocker">CryptoLocker</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_South_Korea_cyberattack" title="2013 South Korea cyberattack">DarkSeoul</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Brambul" title="Brambul">Brambul</a></li>

<li><a href="BlackEnergy#BlackEnergy_3_(BE3)" title="BlackEnergy"> Black Energy 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbanak" title="Carbanak">Carbanak</a></li>

<li><a href="Careto_(malware)" title="Careto (malware)">Careto</a></li>

<li><a href="DarkHotel" title="DarkHotel">DarkHotel</a></li>

<li><a href="FinFisher" title="FinFisher">FinFisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Gameover_ZeuS" title="Gameover ZeuS">Gameover ZeuS</a></li>

<li><a href="Regin_(malware)" title="Regin (malware)">Regin</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Dridex" title="Dridex">Dridex</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_Tear" title="Hidden Tear">Hidden Tear</a></li>

<li><a href="Rombertik" title="Rombertik">Rombertik</a></li>

<li><a href="TeslaCrypt" title="TeslaCrypt">TeslaCrypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Sauron" title="Project Sauron">Project Sauron</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Hitler-Ransomware" title="Hitler-Ransomware">Hitler</a></li>

<li><a href="Jigsaw_(ransomware)" title="Jigsaw (ransomware)">Jigsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="KeRanger" title="KeRanger">KeRanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Necurs_botnet" title="Necurs botnet">Necurs</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirai_(malware)" title="Mirai (malware)">Mirai</a></li>

<li><a href="Pegasus_(spyware)" title="Pegasus (spyware)">Pegasus</a></li>

<li><a href="Petya_(malware_family)" title="Petya (malware family)">Petya and NotPetya</a></li>

<li><a href="X-Agent" title="X-Agent">X-Agent</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="BrickerBot" title="BrickerBot">BrickerBot</a></li>

<li><a href="LogicLocker" title="LogicLocker">LogicLocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rensenware" title="Rensenware">Rensenware</a></li>

<li><a href="Triton_(malware)" title="Triton (malware)">Triton</a></li>

<li><a href="WannaCry_ransomware_attack" title="WannaCry ransomware attack">WannaCry</a></li>

<li><a href="Xafecopy_Trojan" title="Xafecopy Trojan">XafeCopy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="VPNFilter" title="VPNFilter">VPNFilter</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Joanap" title="Joanap">Joanap</a></li>

<li><a href="NetTraveler" title="NetTraveler">NetTraveler</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiny_Banker_Trojan" title="Tiny Banker Trojan">Tinba</a></li>

<li><a href="Titanium_(malware)" title="Titanium (malware)">Titanium</a></li>

<li><a href="ZeroAccess_botnet" title="ZeroAccess botnet">ZeroAccess botnet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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